Comments:VEWT 105, EDT 399, Щербак 1961, 120. Cf. also Chag. čiber 'mountain goat' (R). The reflex -b- in Turkm. and Uygh. may be an indication of original vowel length (?) Shcherbak's hypothesis of the word being borrowed < Iranian is dubious; Pers. čapiš, čapuš itself may well be borrowed < Turkic. In any case, the Persian form cannot be a regular IE match for Lat. caper. Cf. WH 1, 157, sub caper: "Np. čapiš...lautlich unmöglich"; indeed, Common Iranian -p- (< IE -p-) > Mod. Pers. and NW-Iran. -b-, in exceptional cases -v- (Расторгуева ЗИФ 114-115); a parallel for caper may perhaps be found in Sak. cau̯, Osset. cäv 'goat' (see Аб. 1, 307, Bailey 105). One should mention the problematic "Wanderformen" Rum. cap, Alb. tsap, Ital. dial. cappo, Crim.-Goth. stap, Slav. *cá́pъ 'he-goat'; cf. also Oyr. čāp 'one year-old roebuck' ( < Mong.?). See Трубачев 1960, 89-90, Orel 47 with literature; note especially Hubschmid's (1954, 49) hypothesis of the Turkic origin of this Wanderwort.
Comments:VEWT 105, EDT 427, 430, TMN 1077, Егоров 211-212, 326, Федотов 2,111-112, 420. As Doerfer notes, Turkic forms of the type čirkin 'dirty, nasty, ugly' (Chag., Tur., Gag., Tat., Uzb.) are rather borrowed from Persian čirkin (which itself is derived from čirk, borrowed < Turkic).
Chuvash:śart 'a dent for inserting bottom into banded vessels'
Kirghiz:čert- 2, 4
Kazakh:šert- 2, 4
Noghai:šert- 2, 3, 4
Bashkir:sirt- 2, 3
Balkar:čert- 'to mark'
Karakalpak:šert- 2, 4
Kumyk:čert- 1, 2, 4
Comments:VEWT 105, EDT 428, Федотов 2, 87-88. The semantic development here is 'to make notches, indents' > 'break the edge', 'pinch' (whence 'to click with fingers') - not onomatopoetic, as suggested by Clauson.
Balkar:čaɣ-/čaq- 'to produce sparks, shoot from a flint gun'
Gagauz:čaq- 1
Karaim:čaq- 1
Karakalpak:šaq- 1
Kumyk:čaq- 'to pull the trigger', čaqma 2
Comments:VEWT 95, TMN 3, 80-81, Лексика 373. Kypch. > Chuv. čakma 'fire steel', whence > Mari, Udm. (Федотов 2, 387). The verb is usually regarded as one of the meanings of *čak- 'hit, strike', but the semantics 'strike fire' is attested quite early and allows to use the Turkic material in the Altaic comparison.
Meaning:1 turban 2 noose, lasso 3 to plait, wrap 4 to bind by throwing the rope 5 to become entangled 6 to entangle 7 band, strap 8 to bind around, wrap around 9 to plait
Middle Turkic:čalma 1, 'flask fastened to the saddle' (Pav. C., Sangl.), 'apron' (Pav. C.)
Uzbek:čal-(mɔq) 4, čalma 1; band, facing
Uighur:čal-ma-š- 5
Azerbaidzhan:čalma 1
Turkmen:čalma 1, čal- 3, čalšɨq 'entangled (of a rope)'
Khakassian:salba (Sag.) 'лычко для метания камней'
Oyrat:čalma 2, dial. (Leb.) čalɨ- 6
Tuva:šalba 2
Tofalar:šalɨšqaq 'criss-crossing'
Kirghiz:čal- 4, čalɣɨč 7, čalma 2
Kazakh:šal- 8
Noghai:šalma 1, šaluw 7
Bashkir:salɨ- 8, salma 1
Balkar:čalma 1, čal- 9, čalman 'wattle'
Gagauz:čal- 8, čalma 1
Karaim:cal- 8, calma 1, calman 'wattle'
Karakalpak:šal- 8
Kumyk:čal- 9, čalma 1
Comments:EDT 420, VEWT 97, Лексика 395. Turk. > Mong. čalma, salma 'lasso', see TMN 4, 316-317, Щербак 1997, 163 (although the meaning 'lasso' is not widely spread in Turkic, Doerfer suggests that it may have been the original, pre-Islamic, meaning of the derivative *čal-ma). Note Chuv. čъʷlɣa- 'to entangle' - usually derived as a loanword < Tat. čulɣa- < PT *čog-la-, but in this case one would rather expect čulɣa- - so the Chuv. form may actually reflect PT *čial-. The root is attested late, but does not seem to be borrowed, or a specialized development of *čal- 'hit, chop' (as suggested in TMN).
Comments:VEWT 97, Лексика 110. Clauson (EDT 420) relates here OT (МК) čalqan 'spread of an injury' which is not quite probable (rather a derivative from the polysemic čal-).
Yakut:sax 1, saɣa 'about (the time when, the size of)'
Dolgan:haga 'about (the time when, the size of)'; sagɨna 'while'
Tuva:šaq 1, 2
Kirghiz:čaq 1, 2
Kazakh:šaq 1, 2
Noghai:šaq 1, šaq-lɨ 'this much'
Bashkir:saq 1, 2
Balkar:čaq 1, čaq-lɨ 'this much'
Gagauz:čāq, čaq 'up to'
Karaim:čaɣ (K), caq (H) 1
Karakalpak:šaq 1, 2
Kumyk:čaq 1, 2
Comments:VEWT 95, Егоров 327, Лексика 67, EDT 404, ДТС 139, Федотов 2, 425, Stachowski 92-93, 208. Forms like Chag. čaɣ, Uygh. čaɣ or Tof. šaɣ 'time' are borrowed < Mong., but this cannot be assumed for most other forms quoted above.
Karakhanid:(čiǯ 1 MK - a miswriting instead *čiv?)
Turkish:čivi 1
Tatar:čöj 'wedge, cotter'
Uzbek:čuv 1
Uighur:čüä 3 (R, by animals), čivä 'space between legs above the knees', čivilän 'back saddlegirth' (fixed with a wooden peg)
Azerbaidzhan:čiv 1
Turkmen:čüj 1
Oyrat:čiiš 'wedge'
Noghai:šüj 1
Bashkir:söj 1
Balkar:čüj 1
Gagauz:čivi 1
Karaim:čüj, čüw, (K) čivij 1
Karakalpak:šüj 1
Kumyk:čüj 1
Comments:VEWT 110, 121, EDT 393-394, 396, Лексика 125, 398. Because of well known semantic correlations of the type 'penis': 'thorn': 'fir (needle)' it is tempting to compare also the name of the fir-tree: Tat. dial. (КСТТ) čivi, cɨvɨ, Khak. sɨbɨ, Shor šübe, Oyr. čibi (Tuba čɨbɨ), Tuva šivi, Tof. šibi. However, the intermediate form meaning 'thorn' is not attested, and the medial consonant here is rather *-p- (unless we suppose interdialectal loans), so it may be unrelated.
Comments:VEWT 110. An onomatopaeic root, attested late - but possibly archaic because of the external evidence. The assumed semantic development in Chag. and Tat. is 'udder' > 'roasted udder' > 'fat roasted piece of meat'.
Comments:VEWT 107, 110; EDT 404, 412. Turk. > MMong. (HY 20) čix, WMong. čig, Khalkha čig, Ord. čīg 'bamboo screen'. The Nogh. form may be a compound; for the second part cf. *bɨńan.
Comments:EDT 393, 406,408, 413, 418, VEWT 107, Лексика 39, Stachowski 106. The actual reflexes are best explained if we postulate an opposition *čɨj 'wet, raw' - *čɨj-ɨk 'dew, moisture' (with further contractions). Some forms, however, could be secondarily borrowed from Mong. (see Kaɫ. MEJ 34).
